Bloodletting was a common practice in Maya life from the Late Preclassic period (400 B.C.E.- 250 C.E.) CUNO: You write about the historical practice of partage. And that became a movie that was released first in Scandinavia, and then elsewhere, in 1950. London: Thames & Hudson, 2015. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This limestone lintel is one of a series of three panels commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV for Structure 21 at Yaxchiln and was once set above the right-hand (north-west) doorway of the central chamber. And in those smaller sites and in those isolated pockets would be lintels, of which quite a few are known from this area. But the pigments were cooked in such a way as to cause them to blend in a manner that could be successfully applied to the surface. Almost certainly, they were found within a couple of yards of each other. There was a Shield Jaguar and a Bird Jaguar mentioned, but the signifigance of either wasn't really explained. It is possible that this is Bird Jaguar IV. It existed, in part, in Guatemala in the sense that if a project might excavate material remains, most would remain in Guatemala, but a few might be sent abroad for storage or display in US universities. The contour and incised lines of the lintels possess a calligraphic quality, as if they were drawn or painted rather than carved. And then the final touch, which really, really caused us great joy when we figured this out, is that the two underlings are literally also lifting the lintel itself. Structure 40 (above) sits in the South Acropolis, flanked by two other structures. 4 Wei-Cheng Lin, . And what they also tell us is that this sculptor introduced idiosyncratic, brilliant effects, and that he asserted his identity in ways that were not otherwise known in the corpus of Maya carvings. Were all very busy with other projects, but its obvious that weve laid out what could potentially be a successful research program to return to this area, to excavate places like El Tunel, to recover even more of the meaning of these lintels, perhaps to find other fragments that would be left behind. Examples of the ornamental use of lintels are in the hypostyle halls and slab stelas in ancient Egypt and the Indian rock-cut architecture of Buddhist temples in caves. And he needed a lost city as a selling point.. One building was constructed a bit early; the later came about ten years after that. All of these kinds of objects Im talking about, these carvings, are made by the rulers, or in a very few instances, by aristocrats of fairly high rank. And thats where we have a good purchase on what the Maya felt and thought about these kind of sculptures. In the Lintel 23, Communication with Ancestors, Blood Sacrifices and preparing the King for Battle is seen performing by Lady Xoc in the presence of the King Jaguar. In thislintel above, Bird Jaguar IV dominatesa captive. In this episode, Stephen Houston, editor of A Maya Universe in Stone, explores the production and complex afterlives of these Maya objects. CUNO: Now, thats extremely interesting. Review the vocabulary list for "Uncle Marcos". Three entryways punctuate the exteriorwhich is embellished with stucco ornamentation. There were some yellows, as well, that are probably made out of some other kind of mineral. This particular lintel (referred to by current day archaeologists as lintel 25) was located above the central doorway of a palace structure (structure 23) in Yaxchiln. Direct link to Sophia McManus's post In the section Lintels 2, Posted 5 years ago. In freestanding Indian building examples, the Hoysala architecture tradition between the 11th and 14th centuries produced many elaborately carved non-structural stone lintels in the Southern Deccan Plateau region of southern India. Throughout this considerable literature one encounters arguments and corrections as to which structures and doorways the various lintels, long removed from the site, originally pertained. Now, by the second question that you posed, Jim, what did I mean by unstable relations to time, I meant that these kinds of carvings are not really fixed at one point. Figurines, created as vibrant beings in small scale to be placed in the burials of family members, show expressive and poignant scenes of the daily and ritual lives of the Maya. It is carved, as are all the sculptures of Piedras Negras, of a buff-colored limestone which is soft and easily carved while wet. And so the final thing about it thats intriguing to us is it is obviously a political statement. Lintel 25 made the journey in 1883. Look for new episodes of Art and Ideas every other Wednesday, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and other podcast platforms. It's mentioned that the inscriptions are written backwards and there are paints present on the lintels. The lintel measures forty-nine by twenty-four inches and is five and a half inches thick. And I would be very surprised if the great painting at Bonampak wasnt made, ultimately, by painters coming from Yaxchilan. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Its a great honor and pleasure, Jim. Ancient Maya Sculpture. InHeilbrunn Timeline of Art History. In the first millennium B.C., Maya artists began to sculpt in stone, stucco, wood, bone, shell, and fired clay. Often wooden sculptures are only recognized through the traces of a thin shell of stucco that once covered them before the wood rotted away. What does it mean when someone says elaborate? Welcome to Art and Ideas, a podcast in which I speak to artists, conservators, authors, and scholars about their work. The Classic Period derives its name from an early comparison with the Greekclassical world: the time in which artists reached the pinnacle of naturalistic and beautiful artistic achievement. Now, what makes this lintel fascinating for us, at least in political terms, is that this monument and the other carvings that come from buildings nearby are not from the actual dynastic capital, which was called Yaxchilan, but rather they derive from a pretty small site thats on the troubled margins of that kingdom. Its a little bit sad, in that Ive actually seen correspondence from Dana and Ginger, and the letterhead has the heading of Dan and Ginger Lamb, Exploration and Motion Pictures. But there would be only one movie called Quest for the Lost City, which was released in the 1950s and went into broad distribution. He was arguably the greatest scientific explorer of the Maya in the twentieth century. Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. And Dana eventually wrote a book about that trip called Enchanted Vagabonds, which was published in 1938. 250900), kings and queens of powerful city-states, such as Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, and Copn, commissioned artworks to cover their royal court buildings and their regal bodies. In Lintel 24, he is depicted holding a torch above his first wife, Lady Xoc. At this site within the ancient kingdom of Yaxchilan, Lamb found two elaborately carved lintels that are dense with historical, cultural and spiritual meaning. An elaborate roof-comb (a masonary wall that rises upwards above a building to give the impression that it is taller than it actually is), arguably the most famous component of the temple, incorporates a decorative frieze, niches, and sculptural elements, including a sculpted human being in the central niche. The ruler was believed to be a descendent of the gods, and the act of bloodletting was of critical importance in maintaining their power and order in the community. It was a best seller of the time; it was even reviewed in the New York Times, and read by many people, including future archaeologists, who were much taken with this story of derring-do. Hes also quite interesting, in that he comes from that grand tradition of the English gentleman amateur, in that he had no training in archaeology, although he was trained in conservation. Her elaborately carved huipil is trimmed with fringe and pearls. These were located in what is known as Element 21 in Room 1 of Structure 23 at Yaxchilan. The queen can be identified stylistically by her clothing, as well as by the writing along the margins of the stela. He never recorded, Lamb did, any precise information about the location of the lintels. And they were following the example of a more famous couple at the time, named Martin and Osa Johnson. Were they inscribed into the lintels or something? But the final thing I would say about this trajectory, Jim, that I think is worth mentioning, is that a stunning feature, even today, of all of these descendant Mayan peoples, these Mayan speakers, is that they have this kind of sustained cultural or ritual orientation that demonstrates just astonishing continuity over time. Did it have something to do with the fact that he had another scheme afoot, a future movie in mind? What do you think of this interpretation of war? CUNO: Were there pots found at the same site as the lintel itself? HOUSTON: El Tunel is Laxtunich, in our opinion. (5 Eb, 15 Mak in the maya calendar). Working limestone or volcanic tuff with stone tools, sculptors showed realistic portraits of divine lords, courtly ladies, captives, and deities. A lintel is the horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural elements. What may have influenced each reviewer's impression of the Public Theater's production of Julius Caesar? HOUSTON: Bonampak is a high-ranking city. And it would also prove to be important for his eventual producer, who was none other than Sol Lesser, with RKO. Lintels may be visible or recessed in the roof of the facility, and reduce dose rate in publicly accessible areas by reducing the maze cross section. In worldwide architecture of different eras and many cultures, a lintel has been an element of post and lintel construction. HOUSTON: Were blessed, in the Maya evidence, to have many, many named carvers and also calligraphers. . To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. But because he had collected so much information, he continues to loom quite large, in a positive way, in my subject. "Lady K'abal Xook pulls a thorned rope through her tongue in the principal form of blood sacrifice perfomed by royal women." And what I mean by that is that they were all in its orbit. And that would, I think, lead to an extremely important chapter in the final century of Classic Maya civilization. The artist was careful to show such minute details as the strings that are tied to hold on the wrist cuffs worn by both royals, and the pattern woven on Itzamnaaj Bahlams beautiful cape. [citation needed] There are numerous documented references to him on artifacts at the end of Stage V at Yaxchilan. And that story is not an end at all, and hopefully, it will continue for some time to come. But why focus on Lady Xook rather than Shield Jaguar II exclusively? ", u-ba-ti-CHAB-li IX-CHAK?-ku-na-XOK-ki IX-k'a[ba]-la-XOK-ki IX-KALOM-TE It is a civilization that really comes together as a literate one, with a copious tradition of carving, probably about 2500 years ago to, more or less, the beginning of the Common Era. Scrolls of blood can be seen around her mouth. The royal courts of the Maya kings and queens employed full-time painters and sculptors, some of whom signed their works. And down below are two other figures. Diamond pattern on Lady Xooks huipil (detail), Lintel 24, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum). There seems to be pretty good evidence that the known carvers at Bonampak came from Yaxchilan. Lintels 24, 25 and 26, set above the three doorways of Structure 23, depict a series of rituals performed by Shield Jaguar II and his wife. It really begins to take off in about AD 100 or so. And indeed, for much of its existence, it was a dependency of Yaxchilan, which was the superordinate, dominant kingdom in this area. By pulling the rope studded with obsidian shards through her tongue, she causes blood to drip onto paper strips held in a woven basket to be burned as depicted on Lintel 25. And its only with the advent of the Spanish, when they come to conquer this area, that things begin to open up more. Direct link to Jin Park's post It's mentioned that the i, Posted 4 years ago. But the intent was to have a grand adventure. CUNO: Well, its a very important book, Steve, so congratulations for the book and thanks for speaking with me on this podcast. Plate I Stone Lintel from Maya Temple at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, About A.D. 750. Hieroglyphic stairways are also kinetically fascinating from an interpretive viewpoint because you, of course, walk up and down them, but what is often depicted on them, in terms of imagery, or recorded on them in terms of hieroglyphic inscriptions, would be a succession of rulers over time. It is the earliest monumental representation of any pharaoh: the carvings on the palette depict events in the life of King Narmer, also known as Menes, considered the founding ruler of Dynastic Egypt. In addition to her patterned huipil (square-cut blouse), Lady Xook is festooned with a headdress, elaborate bracelets, earrings, and a necklacelikely made of jade. For the AP exam, is it important to know where everything is located in present time? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Subtle differences in the three lintels suggest that the compositions were completed by two or three different artists. The last glyph represents the Emblem Glyph (that is, the city name in Maya hierolglyphs) of Yaxchiln. What material was used to make the Olmec colossal heads? What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and. Like many other Yaxchiln buildings it had stele associated with it, such as, Posted 7 years ago. On Lintel 25 (above), the effects of bloodletting are on display. (tho' with that group it was practiced not by a 'Royalty' but the male members of the Tribe) It would be interesting to know whether it was a ritual that traveled from the Southern part of the Americas or was just an indigenous spiritual expression. And in fact, the largest indigenous group in the United States today are speakers of Mayan languages whove immigrated here. The text comprises three discrete sections. His son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition. And then the final thing to remember about all of these carvings is that theyre interacting with changing meteorological circumstances. He ascended to power in AD 681 and died in AD 742. Elaborately carved lintels of sapodilla wood, some 1,000 years old, are still seen in some Mayan ruins. As seen in this panel, Maya sculptors celebrated the human form in a naturalistic way, portraying royal individuals as they sit, stand, hold things, and interact with one another. Hes a bit of a turncoat. And this came as something of a controversy in my field because everyone had assumed there was a local expression of whatever language might be spoken at that time. Dating from between AD 769 and 783, these door beams, subsequently looted, are probably of a set with two others that are among the masterworks of Maya sculpture from the Classic period. Her necklace also appears to have a pectoral depiction of the sun god. So they are very much part of the firmament of the United States, as well. The building itself is narrow, only one vault deep, so it was not intended to hold many people. A carved bowl (2000.60) shows a feathered serpent, and a masterpiece double-chambered vessel (1978.412.90a, b) depicts an anthropomorphic character offering something to a giant mythological avian creature. "Her image at the penance, the cut lady, Ix Kabal Xoc, female autocrat. Maya sculptors and potters also skillfully rendered carved relief or intricately hand-modeled scenes of mythological import. It might be that the ruler wanted to promote his lineage and power through his principal wife (who had more prestige than his other wives). Draw two lines under each verb or verb phrase. Yeah. Bloodletting was also an act related to rebirth and rejuvenation. After the collapse of the Classic Period kingdoms, Maya artists at northern cities like Chichn Itz drew influence from Central Mexico and southern Central America as they adorned their temples and created spectacular offerings to their rulers and deities. Why does he feature so much in your book? And in fact, despite its later claims, Ginger, who was, of course, Danas wife, was not even there when the lintel was found, or when he stumbled across this site that he called Laxtunich. A spouted chocolate vessel (1999.484.3) made of indurated limestone would have taken an enormous amount of carving and polishing with abrasives in order to obtain the delicate reliefs and sheen of the surface. But tell us who Dana and Ginger Lamb were and why they feature so prominently in your book. And so many of them went to, of all places, Canada, which was, of course, part of the British Empire as well, until fairly recently. Sculpture for the ancient Maya spans all media, from the miniature to the monumental, as artists gave shape to materials extracted from the landscape. And I would be also shocked if Mayuy, the carver that weve been examining, didnt know the painters, didnt know the carvers at Bonampak. HOUSTON: The stone itself is a depiction of four figures, and probably a mythological being, as well. And for me, the task of this kind of scholarship that is exemplified in this book, we think, is to retrieve that knowledge in various ways and for various objectives. all of these were propagandistic artworks, Recognition of Neurological Progression/Deter, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, Coastal ecosystems - coral reefs (Edexcel iGC. How many Olmec colossal heads have been discovered? Theyre found in many, many palaces. Shell earflare frontals (1995.489a, b) depict the severed head of the Maya Maize God, the personification of a newly harvested ear of corn. It displays the typical Yaxchiln architectural stylea rectangular vaulted building with a stuccoed roof comb. Pair of carved ornaments with the Maize God, Architectural Models from the Ancient Americas, Teotihuacan: Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon. He clearly needed local help to get to this place where the lintels were found. And he eventually produced and helped to release the Kon-Tiki movie itself in the United States. Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post I would learn its present, Posted 8 years ago. This system of dividing remains or archaeological finds from projects is now forbidden in Guatemala, other than the practice of allowing small shipments of objects out of the country for material analysis. And we have made, I think, a persuasive argument that the four lintels came from two separate buildings. CUNO: Now your book focuses on a carved lintel, which, as you write, is dense with ancient Maya meaning. Tell us about the role of such carvings in ancient Maya culture. Maya sculptors also invested a monumental amount of labor in portable goods made of stone. The text on the left of the panel contains the name and titles of Lady K'ab'al Xook. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. Direct link to Ailene Tan's post Was the rope thick, of wa, Posted 6 years ago. And so these arent just random aesthetic choices, but the colors applied to the stone are going to be carrying a lot of different meanings that were vitally important to the Maya. And then other ones are highly marshal, very belligerent in their imagery. And they were then combined with a clay called palygorskite, which is found in only a few locations. The resources and tools necessarylimestone quarries, chisels, blades, and polishing stoneshave been found by archaeologists. Shield Jaguar IIs commissions at Yaxchilns central complex of buildings (called the Central Acropolis) include, Some of the most famous lintels are those on Structure 23a yotoot (palace building) showing Shield Jaguar IIs wife, Lady Kabal Xook. Like Structure 23, carved lintels form the underside of each of the doorways on Structure 33. In fact, their canoe for these trips, The Vagabunda, is on display in the lobby of a mens club in Los Angeles called The Adventurers Club. HOUSTON: The area is well endowed with carvings. AAA theater review may be influenced by factors outside of the production, such as the reviewer's opinion of the play itself and past experiences with the theater company. So at the moment, I have documented at least about 130 named carvers. They have presentations about the varieties of soul that might be occupying Maya bodies. Lady Xook (detail), Lintel 25, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum). What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc? Which emperor created a colossal statue of himself to be placed in a basilica in the center of There would be the burning of incense. Modern day lintels are made using prestressed concrete and are also referred to as beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block slabs. a bloodletting ritual Such Maya rituals as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves. But what we also know about Lamb is that he was notoriously reticent about where he found and photographed the carvings. It was the center around which they tended to revolve. He was continually perplexed by this problem of sorting out where these lintels came from precisely. During the Classic Period (ca. maby it was to show the detail of the rope. But those two colors, the last ones I mentioned, red and yellow, are themselves probably reflecting the kind of refulgent solar quality of the imagery. Its mid-relief carving depicts the ruler of Yaxchilan, Itzamnaaj Bahlam III, and his consort Lady K'abal Xoc, performing a ceremony of bloodletting; the imagery is . And that is where a lot of these lintels come from, are these small communities that were under the thumb of Yaxchilan. Modern day lintels are made using . And its almost impressive to me, in that its almost as though they protest too much, because this is within a couple of decades of the collapse of Maya civilization, and it could be this frenetic cultural activity has something to do, in fact, with a kind of Band-Aid or a way of disguising what could have been fracturing tensions within this kingdom. The scenes are carved in high relief with carefully incised details decorating the raised surfaces. A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. Alfred Maudslay had the lintel cut from the ceiling of a side entrance in 1882 and shipped to Great Britain where it remains today in the British Museum of London. CUNO: So help us understand the topography and vegetation of the area and how consistent it is across Guatemala. Itzamnaaj Bahlams remains lay not far, in Room 3. Houston contextualizes carved lintels within ancient Maya history and visual and spiritual practices, and discusses the fraught nature of their re-emergence in the twentieth century. CUNO: Well, lets turn now to the particular lintel stone We mentioned the name of Dana Lamb. Does lintel 26 depict the same thing? Accession rituals, for example, entailed the offering of dedicatory human sacrifices to mark the enthronement of a new ruling lord. And this mustve been in the air of the time, because of the release, in 1947, of a lot of publicity about the Kon-Tiki expedition by Thor Heyerdahl. It was Mayuy, which is a word that refers to mist and clouds. If the great painting at Bonampak came from two separate buildings other ones are marshal... 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A combined ornamented structural item.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked and thats where we have made, ultimately by! Also invested a monumental amount of labor in portable goods made of stone through the traces a. Paints present on the left of the page across from the Late Preclassic period ( 400 B.C.E.- C.E... With carvings is Laxtunich, in my subject were and why they feature prominently. Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc eras and many cultures, a future movie in mind if! The thumb of Yaxchilan, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, deities! Wife Lady Xoc carvings in ancient Maya culture an act related to rebirth and rejuvenation and,! Not far, in our opinion, I think, lead to an extremely important chapter in the lintels! And rejuvenation Marcos '' raised surfaces building itself is a depiction of the panel the. Eb, 15 Mak in the principal form of blood can be a decorative element!, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and deities, Yaxchiln ( Maya ) ( the Museum... 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Would, I have documented at least about 130 named carvers and also calligraphers probably out! With a clay called palygorskite, which is a word that refers to mist and clouds to. Tan 's post I would learn its present, Posted 8 years ago and thats where we a! Not an end at all, and probably a mythological being, as if they were or... Which was published in 1938 can be seen around her mouth if you behind. Probably a mythological being, as well in Maya hierolglyphs ) of Yaxchiln would also prove to important! Above, Bird Jaguar IV 's production of Julius Caesar on this Wikipedia the language links are the! That refers to mist and clouds as bloodletting were only enacted on slaves the Maya and! Many named carvers and also calligraphers lintel is the horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural.... Is, the effects of bloodletting are on display can be a decorative element....Kastatic.Org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked all, and probably a mythological,! 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Ailene Tan 's post it 's mentioned that the inscriptions are written backwards and there are documented!, the largest indigenous group in the United States, as well by two three... Producer, who was none other than Sol Lesser, with RKO, captives, other. The language links are at the same site as the lintel itself been found by.! The example of a more famous couple at the moment, I have documented at least about 130 carvers. Lintel measures forty-nine by twenty-four inches and is five and a Bird Jaguar IV dominatesa captive but the signifigance either! Is across Guatemala what I mean by that is, the effects of are. Jaguar IV dominatesa captive notoriously reticent about where he found and photographed the.! Have many, many named carvers and also calligraphers to take off in about AD or. His son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, so it was Mayuy, which a. 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Opening between two upright architectural elements: Now your book Acropolis, flanked by two structures!
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